引黄灌区引水补源优化运行模型研究

应用非线性优化理论 ,并基于 Philip入渗方程和其它边界约束条件 ,建立了引水补源区优化运行数学模型。模型目标是确定在补源区自然物理条件、地下水流运动、入渗以及连续方程等约束下 ,使得入渗量最大的运行准则 ,应用非线性优化规划法对模型求解 ,得到了满意效果。以黄河下游陈垓引黄灌区 1 993年 3月对灌区下游补源区一个单周期引水补源过程为例 ,计算了一次引黄最大优化入渗补源量 ,本方法对开辟学术研究新思路 ,指导生产实践具有重要参考价值     

基于Visual C++MSComm通讯控件的排种器实验台变频调速系统设计

介绍了排种器试验台变频调速系统的系统组成,以及实现计算机与变频器之间串行通讯的硬件构成及程序设计方法, 以此实现了计算机与变频器的串行通讯。利用本系统可以满足排种器实验台对计算机控制的速度实时调节的要求。     

井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型与应用

将灌区的经济效益和生态环境效益结合在一起综合考虑，在灌区水资源配置时不仅只追求获得最大经济效益，同时尽量将地下水位控制在适宜范围内，以维持地下水资源的采补平衡，实现水资源的可持续利用。按此原则，建立了井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型。实例计算表明：应用此模型指导井渠结合灌区的水资源配置可实现真正意义上的地表水和地下水联合运用，提高水资源利用效率。     

灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究

以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。     

饲料收获机矮秆割台拨禾轮导轨运动轨迹研究

对矮秆割台核心喂入部件拨禾轮的结构和运动轨迹进行了分析研究,利用计算机辅助软件对拨禾轮导轨曲线进行了优化设计,并对拨禾弹齿运动轨迹进行了模拟,找出了保证矮秆割台能够正常工作的弹齿运动轨迹形状,确定其正常工作的拨禾轮速比区间为（0.78,∞）。     

Farm salinity appraisal with water reuse

The need for a better understanding of the interaction between irrigation practices and the elevation and quality of the water table is of paramount importance for developing irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the regional problems of elevated saline water tables in the San Joaquin Valley, California. An area of approximately 3000 ha which includes portions of the Diener Ranch and the adjacent University of California, Westside Research and Extension Center, located south of Five Points in the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley was chosen for extensive field measurements. Field work consisted of four main activities namely, field instrumentation, collection of records of field activities, periodic data collection, and analyses of field data. Field measurements of water table carried out during 1994 indicated that the water table elevation was sensitive to the irrigation practices. There was a general increase in the area with a water table close to the surface during the irrigation season, and a return to water table elevations similar to the starting conditions at the end of the season. During the study period, the surface water quality deteriorated more in areas irrigated with reuse water and persisted through the end of the season. Depth averaged electrical conductivity for the study area over 6.5 m decreased between December 1993 and December 1994. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone, were found to be an order of magnitude larger than horizontal gradients. The direction of vertical gradients changed, with downward gradients following pre-irrigations and upward gradients later in the season, when crop water requirements increased. Based on the results of the field study, it can be concluded that the irrigation management practices have a direct effect on local water table response as well as on water quality. Therefore, irrigation practices that promote less deep percolation losses may be helpful in controlling the water table rise.     

Simulation of drainage water quality with DRAINMOD

The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO₃-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO₃-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO₃-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO₃-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO₃-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO₃-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO₃-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions.     

基于灰色关联度变权法的浅层地下水环境质量综合评价

引入指数型白化权函数对灰色关联度变权法中的白化权函数进行修正,使得能够对地下水更合理、客观、准确地评价。将晋江市浅层地下水看作一个灰色系统,在灰色关联度变权法模型基础上,对各水质监测点不同类别的隶属度和灰色关联度作对比分析判断其评价等级以及质量优劣次序,说明灰色关联度变权法对地下水环境质量综合评价方法适当。研究区内绝大多数地区水质状况良好,影响区域地下水质量的指标主要为TDS、锰、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、氯化物,水质较差区主要分布于沿海工业分布较密集区及引污水灌溉农田地区,说明工农业发展、人类活动加剧及海水入侵是造成本区水质变化的主要原因之一。     

排种器实验台变频调速系统设计

为了利用排种器实验台进行精密播种机排种器的试验研究,设计了排种器实验台的调速系统.首先,介绍了排种器实验台变频调速系统的硬件构成;然后,基于计算机与变频器之间的串行通讯协议,利用VC 的MSComm通讯控件,用VC 6.0语言开发了排种器实验台变频调速系统的控制程序,实现了排种器实验台计算机与变频器的串行通讯.该系统具有操作方便、调速手段多、可靠性和抗干扰能力强等特点,可以满足排种器实验台需要对速度进行实时调节的要求.     

Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields

This study focuses on experimental pilot assessment of contamination of shallow groundwater systems and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. The study approach involved a pilot experimental (greenhouse) set-up of organo-mineral amended test plots/troughs (40 cm × 47 cm × 46 cm) planted with two common vegetable crops (Amaranthus hybridus and Abelmoschus esculentus) and irrigated with wastewater. In addition to the geochemical analyses of the primary un-amended and amended soils before planting as well as residual soils after harvesting, measurements of the physico-chemical parameters and chemical analyses of trace metals concentrations in irrigation leachates and harvested vegetable tissues were also undertaken following appropriate standard sample preparation and analytical methods.The results of the geochemical analyses carried out on irrigation leachate samples collected during the sprouting stage revealed that most of the analyzed trace metals in the collected leachates exhibited 2-10 folds depletion (except for Cu and Co with enrichment of about 1.5-3 folds) compared to the initial wastewater used for irrigation. A situation attributed to uptake/bioaccumulation of these metals and selective enrichment in the residual soils as well as to leaching by infiltrating irrigation water. Nonetheless, the observed higher trace elements concentrations in the second sets of leachates collected during harvesting stage compared to the first sets of leachates collected during the sprouting/vegetative stage is an indication of higher plant uptake during sprouting/vegetative stage or initial sorption/complexation of biosolids amendment before later vertical re-mobilization by infiltrating irrigation water.Although, virtually all of the analyzed metals exhibited elevated concentrations (2-173 ppm) in both A. hybridus and A. esculentus, a closer evaluation revealed 1.2-8.2 folds enrichment of Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb in A. esculentus compared to that of A. hybridus, an indication of the fact that phyto-accumulation of trace metal is plant-specific and dependent on physiological set-up. The overall evaluation had clearly demonstrated the potential danger of bioaccumulation of toxic trace metals under biosolid amended soils as well as impacts of irrigation-induced leaching on the shallow groundwater quality, while the need to evolve a sustainable agricultural practices is also highlighted.

Capsule

Organo-mineral amendment can lead to trace metal bioaccumulation (in plants) and irrigation-induced leaching to shallow groundwater system.